@InCollection{AndersonOVHYCGEC:2011:CoClCh,
               author = "Anderson, E. and Orsini, Jose Antonio Marengo and Villalba, 
                         Ricardo and Halloy, Stephan R. P. and Young, Bruce E. and Cordero, 
                         D. and Gast, Fernando and Espinoza, Ena M. Jaimes and Carrascal, 
                         Daniel Ruiz",
                title = "Consequences of Climate Change for Ecosystems and Ecosystem 
                         Services in the Tropical Andes",
            booktitle = "Climate Change and Biodiversity in the Tropical Andes",
            publisher = "IAI; SCOPE",
                 year = "2011",
               editor = "Herzog, Sebastian K. and Martinez, Rodney and Jørgensen, Peter M. 
                         and Tiessen, Holm",
                pages = "110--127",
             keywords = "biodiversity, Climate Change Patterns, Tropical Andes, Andean 
                         Ecosystems.",
             abstract = "The tropical Andes1 harbor extraordinary biological and cultural 
                         diversity, contained in a mosaic of ecosystems (Josse et al. 
                         2009). The regions complex topography, coupled with elevational 
                         and latitudinal gradients, results in varied physical conditions 
                         that create unique habitats and barriers for species movement. 
                         Temporal variability of climatic conditions, such as temperature, 
                         wind, and precipitation, also occurs across the tropical Andes 
                         over inter-annual and decadal time scales, as driven by the 
                         interplay between the tropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, and 
                         Amazonian influences (Marengo et al. 2004). Both humans and biota 
                         have adapted to the heterogeneity of the tropical Andean landscape 
                         and fluctuations in climatic conditions. An estimated 45,000 plant 
                         and 3400 vertebrate species (excluding fishes) have been 
                         documented from tropical Andean ecosystems, representing 
                         approximately 15% and 12% of species known globally, respectively. 
                         Nearly half of these species are endemic (Myers et al. 2000). The 
                         wellbeing of human populations has been linked to the functioning 
                         of tropical Andean ecosystems over a history that extends more 
                         than 10,000 years. Today, millions of people depend on these 
                         ecosystems as a source of fresh water, food, cultural importance, 
                         and many other ecosystem goods and services (Josse et al. 2009). 
                         Recently, the range of natural climatic variability in the 
                         tropical Andes has started to exceed historically documented 
                         thresholds. Of particular concern is the general warming trend and 
                         its implications for the integrity of ecosystems and the human 
                         populations that depend on them. In this chapter, we explore 
                         current knowledge of the effects of climate change on tropical 
                         Andean ecosystems and ecosystem services. At present, other than 
                         unambiguous indications of a pronounced warming trend, the overall 
                         picture of the climatic future of the tropical Andes remains 
                         uncertain, making predictions about the fate of ecosystems 
                         difficult. Some studies on recent climate variability have been 
                         published, but much information remains observational or 
                         anecdotal. The information presented here was gathered from 
                         discussions among climatologists, ecologists, anthropologists, and 
                         natural resource managers with expertise in the tropical Andes 
                         during a weeklong workshop designed to facilitate transfer of 
                         knowledge on climate change and tropical Andean biodiversity, 
                         together with a review of literature and other available 
                         information.",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and Instituto Argentino de 
                         Nivolog{\'{\i}}a, Glaciolog{\'{\i}}a y Ciencias Ambientales 
                         (IANIGLA) CC 330, 5500 Mendoza Argentina and The Nature 
                         Conservancy Marchant Pereira 367, Of. 801 Providencia, Santiago 
                         Chile and NatureServe Apdo. 358, Plaza Colonial, 1260, San 
                         Jos{\'e} Costa Rica and Car 7b # 134b - 11 Torre 1 Apto. 1105, 
                         Bogot{\'a} Colombia and Servicio Nacional de Meteorologia e 
                         Hidrologia (SENAMHI) Jr. Cahuide, 785 Jesus Maria, Lima Peru and 
                         Programa en Ingenieria Ambiental, Escuela de Ingenieria de 
                         Antioquia km 2 + 200 Via al Aeropuerto Jose Maria Cordova",
                 isbn = "978-85-99875-05-6",
                label = "lattes: 5719239270509869 2 AndersonORSYCFJR:2011:CoOfCl",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "chapter1.pdf",
                  url = "http://www.iai.int/files/communications/publications/scientific/Climate_Change_and_Biodiversity_in_the_Tropical_Andes/book.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "03 maio 2024"
}